This venture is a collaboration between VM experts who will construct a model to demonstrate a viable substitute method to aid irrigation water rationing. Recycled tires are used in the most popular Waterboxx kit, which is a cost-effective and innovative idea. Waterboxx kits technology has been proven to be a good option for reducing irrigation when planting shrubs or scrubs in desert regions. The following guidelines were developed from this research:
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Environment friendly and safe disposal in the large dumpsters that are constantly growing in the areas of Kuwait of the tire.
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Rainwater harvesting and preservation of precious water assets
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Futuristic methods are used to increase the plant planting capacity in Kuwaiti areas.
The experiment is carried out on different test sites in order to properly evaluate the alternative design. This was done by selecting four potential sites for farms covering an area of approximately 5Km2.2As shown in Table 5.
The research team and representatives from the Kuwait Public Authority of Agriculture & Fishery meet to discuss and discuss possible collaborations for this experiment. The PAAF supported this venture and assigned some people to find sites for the experimentation. The research team inspected various websites and collected soil and water from the sites in order to study and identify those areas.
The test can be done in one of two ways: in a controlled laboratory or out in the field. The lab test is performed by careful observation. Next, the test takes place in a real-world environment, as shown in Fig.10a. Both of these scenarios are performed simultaneously. Figure10b shows the container box that was designed for testing in a controlled environment at Kuwait University. The actual soil from the test site is used in the test box. Figure10c and 10d show the real-world test sites. The test water is taken from the wells at the test locations.
(A) A proposed structure of a test site. (bVarious images of the box are made and designed to be tested in controlled conditions. (cVarious photos of the land being prepared for field testing. (d) Various pictures of the test site preparation land used as a field test environment.
For the Groasis Waterboxx approach, several test sites will be used to evaluate the quality and safety of the alternative model with scrap tires (Tire Waterboxx). The number of Tire Waterboxxes would then be evaluated and converted into a 22 contingency table for each test location, as shown at Table 6. The contingency matrix is composed of four parameters: TP (True Positve), TN [True Negative], FP (False Positve) and FN (“False Negative”). These parameters can be explained as follows:
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TN: The correct number of nurseries that have grown trees correctly
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FP: The number and type of trees that have been incorrectly planted by nurseries
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FN: The number incorrectly grown trees in nurseries
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TP: The total number of nurseries that offer trees that are perfectly grown
To assess the effectiveness of the new tire-Waterboxx model, we used the conventional RecallAnd precisionOlson and Delen suggested metrics36. Equation1 explains both. precisionAnd RecallEvaluation metrics
$$precision = frac{TP}{{TP + FP}}{text{ and }}recall = frac{TP}{{TP + FN}} , {$precision = fracTPTP+ FPtext, and recall =fracTPTP+ FN.}$$
(1)
The alternative design resulted in lower costs and a 43.84% reduction in total cost. These cost reductions do not take into account the intangible costs associated with plastics, paper, or recycled tires used in the alternative model (Table 4).
Calculation of function measure
To be measured is the quality of the new Waterboxx model that uses tires. For the assessment of model quality, multiple farms are considered. Tire-Waterboxes will be used to plant trees in each farm. The generated contingency table has the order 22 according to this setting. It consists of four parameters: TP (True positive), TN (True negative), FP (False positive) and FN (False negative). These parameters are explained in the following context.
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TN: The total number of plants that failed in their attempts to grow into trees (neither inside or outside any type of water-box).
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FP: The count the plants that either grew to trees in the wrong water-box (FP1) or were grown outside of the water-box (FP2)
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FN: The number of plants that thrived to trees of the correct type, but not within the water-box.
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TP: The number and type of plants successfully grown into trees or the right kind within the water-box.
As explained in Eq.1, precision and recall are the two main metrics used to evaluate the effectiveness of tire water-box plantation.
F-Measure38It is also an estimation metric that is based upon recall and precision. It is used as a single measure to express classification quality. It is defined as the harmonic average of recall and precision. See Eq.2.
$$Fmeasure = frac{2 times precision times recall}{{precision + recall}}.$$
(2)
Table 8 shows the details of evaluation using various metrics precision recall and F-Measure.
Contingency table
The classifier classifies data into two classes in a two-way classification of a particular data set. Two counts are generated: The count for positively classified data and the negative data. The sum of these two counts is the total count of the entire data collection. We need a reference classification to evaluate the classifier’s performance. This should be ideally classified but, in practice, it used the results from a gold standard set. These two classifiers’ outputs are used to create a 22 Contingency Table for cross tabulating data. The contingency list can be summarized using four parameters. These parameters are usually scale-invariant because there is no variation in output by scaling each parameter with the same factor. These statistics can be made independent of the population size by using ratios of homogeneous functions like quadratic or linear.
These parameters are combined to give marginal and grand sums. The total of these four parameters (true positive, true negative and false positive) is the sum. To produce different statistics, you can add the tables vertically or horizontally. The horizontal addition of a row yields test positives and the second row the test negatives. The vertical addition of the first column yields the counts of true positivities, while the second column displays the true negatives. The fraction of the four values found in the table should be added to the row or column margin total to obtain statistics of basic marginal ratio: this generates two additional tables of order 22, for eight ratios.
It is important to note that these ratios can be considered complementary pairs and the sum of all of them is 1. These derived tables can be summarized into two numbers, along with their complements. These ratios and more complicated functions can provide additional statistics.
To evaluate the proposed methodology, it was tested on three farm lots. After extensive experiments, it is predicted that the proposed technique will produce the following quality results.
Alternatives function evaluation
The results of our research are presented in the following Tables 9-10.
The difference in F-measure between commercial Waterboxx and tire-water-box is approximately 10.5%. The proposed tire-water-box, however, has a greater impact on creating microenvironments that allow other plants to thrive (higher Fp).
Figure 9 shows examples of both designs in different scenarios.
Design value index
The following formula is used to calculate the value index in Value Engineering Methodology:
$$Value = (Function*Quality)/Cost,V = (F*Q)/C$$
Fis computed using the F-measure. QQuantification of quality CThe total cost of the life cycle.
It is common to perform a weighted evaluation exercise in order to calculate the value index. Function cost worth analysis, also known as value index, measures the cost and worth of the model.39. Many of the previous researches used the value indexes to evaluate their relationships with the model.21,39,40,42,43,44,45,46,47. Table 11 calculates the value of both the original and new tire-water-boxes.
It is evident that the value index for the tire-water-box proposed is twice as high (double) as the commercial Waterboxx.
Environmental impact
250 kits were used to deploy the original design in the area where it was tested. A total of 3*250 tires were deployed in the three plots of the selected site for experimentation of the final proposed design. The soil and water quality were evaluated by conducting a pre-field test and a post-field test soil and water analysis. The results showed that neither the tire-waterbox nor the commercial Waterboxx had a significant effect on soil quality or water quality. After almost three years of use, the soil and water residuals for both kits were within acceptable levels.
Test results
Table 12 shows the soil test results for both the original and the new designs following field testing.
The tire-water box has a better average soil moisture level than the commercial Waterboxx. It also has a higher total alkalinity and nearly the same pH. The new design also raised the soil Nitrite/Nitrate/Ammonia levels. The tire water-box has lowered the silicate content in the soil, while the organic matter and TPH remain the exact same for both solutions.
Results of water tests
Table 13 summarizes water tests of original and new designs following field testing.
The tire-box has a higher water alkalinity (water average) than the commercial waterboxx. The new design also increased the water Nitrite/Nitrate, and Silicate content. However, the TPH in the water was lowered. Both solutions retain almost the same pH values.
The laboratory is capable of simulating all the conditions at Kuwait’s test sites. The soil changes are then analyzed and documented. This will be done by video recording the plant’s life cycle using a computer workstation. A side view will also be taken using alternate models and the Waterboxx testing method. It also looked at the available software packages to simulate water or soil behavior.