Muellner-Riehl, A. N. et. Origins of global mountain plant biodiversity: Testing the mountain-geobiodiversity hypothesis. J. Biogeogr. 46, 28262838 (2019).
Antonelli, A. et.Mountain biodiversity can be affected by climate and geological factors. Nat. Geosci. 11, 718725 (2018).
ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
Schrodt, F. et.Opinion: To promote sustainable stewardship, it is important to document not only biodiversity, but also geodiversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 1615516158 (2019).
Alahuhta, J. et.Geodiversity and ecosystem services at large scales: Ecol. Indic. 91, 4756 (2018).
Read, Q. D. et.Beyond averages and numbers: How to relate geodiversity with dimensions of biodiversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 696710 (2020).
Daz, S. et.Transformative change is needed because of the pervasive human-driven loss of life on Earth. Science 366, eaax3100 (2019).
Alahuhta, J., Toivanen, M. & Hjort, J. Geodiversitybiodiversity relationship needs more empirical evidence. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 23 (2020).
Boothroyd, A. Boothroyd, A. & McHenry M. Old processes and new movements: The inclusion of geodiversity into biological and ecological discourse. Diversity 11, 216 (2019).
Hunter, M. L. Jacobson, G. L. & Webb T. Paleoecology, the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological biodiversity. Conserv. Biol. 2, 375385 (1988).
Hjort, J. Luoto, M. Geodiversity can be predicted from space. Geomorphology 153154, 7480 (2012).
Benito-Calvo, A., Prez-Gonzlez, A., Magri, O. Meza, P. Assessment of regional geodiversity: The Iberian Peninsula. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 34, 14331445 (2009).
F. M. dos Santos and D. Corte Bacci (D.), Saad (A. R.) & da Silva Ferreira (A. T. Geodiversity indicator weighted by multivariate statistics analysis. Appl. Geomat. 12, 361370 (2020).
Crisp, J. R., Ellison, J. C. & Fischer, A. Current trends and future directions for quantitative geodiversity assessment. Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133320967219 (2020).
Pereira, D. I., Pereira, P., Brilha, J. & Santos L. Geodiversity Assessment of Paran State, Brazil: An Innovative Approach. Environ. Manag. 52, 541552 (2013).
Gray, M. Geodiversity & geoconservation – What, Why, and How? George Wright Forum 22, 412 (2005).
Ruban D. A. Quantification geodiversity and its reduction Proc. Geol. Assoc. 121, 326333 (2010).
Hjort (J.), Gordon, J. E. Gray & Hunter M. L. Why Geodiversity Matters in Valuing Natures Stage: Why geodiversity is important. Conserv. Biol. 29, 630639 (2015).
Beier, P. & Brost, B. Plan for climate change using land facets: Conserving the arenas and not the actors. Conserv. Biol. J. Soc. Conserv. Biol. 24, 701710 (2010).
Anderson, M. G. and Ferree C.E. Conserving the stage: Climate Change and the Geophysical Underpinnings of Species Diversity. PLoS ONE 5, e11554 (2010).
Knudson C., Kay K., & Fisher S. Appraising cultural diversity and geodiversity approaches to building resilience through conservancy. Nat. Clim. Clim. 8, 678685 (2018).
Turner, J. Geodiversity: The natural support network of ecosystems. In Landscape Planning with Ecosystem Services: Theories & Methods for Application in Europe 253265 (eds von Haaren, C. et.) (Springer, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1681-7_16.
Fox, N., Graham, L. J., Eigenbrod, F., Bullock, J. M. & Parks, K. E. Incorporating geodiversity in ecosystem service decisions. Ecosyst. People 16, 151159 (2020).
Parks, K. E. & Mulligan M. The relationship between a resource-based geodiversity measure and broad-scale biodiversity patterns. Biodivers. Conserv. 19, 27512766 (2010).
Comer, P. J. et.Geodiversity and conservation decisions: Conserv. Biol. 29, 692701 (2015).
Chakraborty, A. Gray, M. A call for mainstreaming Geodiversity in Nature Conservation Research and Practice. J. Nat. Conserv. 56, 125862 (2020).
Lawler, J. et.The theory and challenges of conserving natures in a time of rapid changes. Conserv. Biol. 29, 618629 (2015).
Beier, P. et.Review of selection-based tests for abiotic surrogates to species representation Conserv. Biol. J. Soc. Conserv. Biol. 29, 668679 (2015).
Purvis, A. & Hector, A. The Measure of Biodiversity. Nature 405, 212219 (2000).
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreno, C. et.An easy guide to useful methods for measuring biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Biodivers. Conserv. 26, 29932998 (2017).
Roswell, M., Dushoff, J. R. Winfree, R. A conceptual guide for measuring species diversity. Oikos 130, 321338 (2021).
Chiarucci A., Bacaro G., & Scheiner S.M. Old and new challenges in using biodiversity to assess biodiversity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 366, 24262437 (2011).
Hooper, D. U. et.A consensus of current knowledge: The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem function Ecol. Monogr. 75, 335 (2005).
Hjort (J.), Heikkinen (R. K.) & Luoto (M.). Inclusion of explicit geodiversity measures improve biodiversity models in a boreal environment. Biodivers. Conserv. 21, 34873506 (2012).
Bailey, J. J. Boyd, D. S. Hjort, Hjort. J. Lavers. C. P. & Field. Modeling native and exotic vascular plant species richness. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 763776 (2017).
Zarnetske, P. L. et.Satellite remote sensing can be used to connect biodiversity and geodiversity at different scales. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28, 548556 (2019).
F. Btard. Patch-scale relations between geodiversity, biodiversity in hardrock quarries: Case study of a disused quartzite mining quarry in NW France. Geoheritage 5, 5971 (2013).
Tukiainen, H. et.Spatial relationship between biodiversity, geodiversity and land-use intensity in high latitude landscapes. Landsc. Ecol. 32, 10491063 (2017).
Anderson, M. G. et.Case studies of conservation plans that include geodiversity Conserv. Biol. 29, 680691 (2015).
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ren, Y., L, Y., Hu, J. & Yin L. Geodiversity underpins biodiversity but the relationships can be complex: Implications of two biodiversity proxies. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 31, e01830 (2021).
Homeier, J. Breckle, S.W., Gnter. S., Rollenbeck. R. T. and Leuschner. Tree diversity, forest structure, and productivity along altitudinal gradients in an Ecuadorian montane rainforest: Ecuadorian Montane forest structure and diversity. Biotropica 42, 140148 (2010).
Krashevska, V., Bonkowski, M., Maraun, M. & Scheu, S. Testate amoebae(protista). An elevational gradient in the Ecuadorian tropical mountain rain forest. Pedobiologia 51, 319331 (2007).
Zhalnina, K. et.The pH of the soil determines the microbial diversity in the park grass experiment. Microb. Ecol. 69, 395406 (2015).
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fierer (N.), Craine, J. M. McLauchlan K. & Schimel J. P. Litter quality, temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Ecology 86, 320326 (2005).
Gibb, H. et.Climate mediates the effects that disturbances have on ant assemblage structure. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20150418 (2015).
Sanders, N. J. and Lessard J.P., Fitzpatrick M. C., & Dunn R. R. The temperature, but not productivity nor geometry, predicts elevational diversities in ants across spatial grain boundaries. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16, 640649 (2007).
Paaijmans, K. P. et.Temperature variation makes ectotherms sensitive to climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 23732380 (2013).
McCain, C. M. Global Analysis of Bird Elevational Diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 18, 346360 (2009).
Tews, J. et. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: The importance of keystone structures: Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity. J. Biogeogr. 31, 7992 (2004).
Rahbek, C. et.Humboldts Enigma: What causes global patterns in mountain biodiversity? Science 365, 11081113 (2019).
ADS
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hofhansl, F. et.Climatic and edaphic control over tropical forest diversity, and vegetation carbon storage Sci. Rep. 10, 5066 (2020).
Peters, M. K. et.Predictors of elevational biodiversity gradients shift from single taxa level to multi-taxa level. Nat. Commun. 7, 13736 (2016).
Gagic, V. et.Functional identity and diversity of animals are better indicators of ecosystem functioning than species-based indexes. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20142620 (2015).
Kraft, N. J. B., Godoy, O. & Levine J. M. Plant functional characteristics and the multidimensional nature species coexistence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 797802 (2015).
Cadotte, M. W. Functional attributes explain ecosystem function via opposing mechanisms. Ecol. Lett. 20, 989996 (2017).
Hillebrand, H. et.Conservation and monitoring of biodiversity changes is difficult because they are not coupled with trends in species richness. J. Appl. Ecol. 55, 169184 (2018).
Whittaker R. H. Evolution, measurement and diversity of species. Taxon 21, 213251 (1972).
Socolar, J. B., Gilroy J. J., Kunin W. E., & Edwards D. P. How can beta-diversity help biodiversity conservation? Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 6780 (2016).
Legendre, P. & De Cceres M. Beta diversity as the variance in community data: Partitioning and dissimilarity coefficients. Ecol. Lett. 16, 951963 (2013).
Lichstein, J. W. Multiple Regression on Distance Matrixes: A Multivariate Spatial Analysis Tool. Plant Ecol. 188, 117131 (2007).
Tuomisto, H. & Ruokolainen, K. Analyzing or explaining beta diversity? Understanding the targets of various methods of analysis. Ecology 87, 26972708 (2006).
Peres-Neto, P. R. & Jackson, D. A. How well can multivariate data set matches match? Procrustean superimposition is superior to the Mantel test. Oecologia 129, 169178 (2001).
Peres-Neto P. R. Legendre P., Dray S. & Borcard D. Variation partitioning species data matrices : Estimation & comparison of fractions. Ecology 87, 26142625 (2006).
Hillebrand, H. & Matthiessen B. Biodiversity within a complex world: Consolidation of progress in functional biodiversity research: Consolidation of progress in BDEF research. Ecol. Lett. 12, 14051419 (2009).
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B. B. Nature 403, 853858 (2000).
ADS
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bendix, J. et.A framework for predicting ecosystem change in highly diverse tropical mountain ecosystems. Oecologia 195, 589600 (2021).
Beck, E., Bendix, J., Kottke, I., Makeschin, F. & Mosandl, R. Gradients in the Ecuadorian Tropical Mountain Ecosystem. ISBN: 978-3-540-73525-0
(Springer, 2008).
South Ecuador’s Science-Directed Approach to Landscape Restoration and Sustainable Use – Cross-Scale Monitoring and Monitoring of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functions and Biodiversity – A Science-Directed Approach(PAK823825 South Ecuador 2017 Platform for Ecosystem Monitoring, Research and Biodiversity Monitoring.
Beck, E. et. Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity, and Environmental Change in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem in South Ecuador. ISBN: 978-3-642-38136-2 (Springer, 2013).
Homeier, J. C. & Leuschner C. Factors affecting the productivity of tropical Andean trees: Climate and soil are far more important than tree variety. Biogeosciences 18, 15251541 (2021).
ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
V. Krashevska. D. Sandmann. Maraun. M. & Scheu. S. Effects of precipitation exclusion on microorganisms in montane rainforests. Oecologia 170, 10671076 (2012).
V. Krashevska. D. Sandmann. Maraun. M. & Scheu. S. Moderate changes to nutrient input alter tropical protist and microbial communities, and belowground links. ISME J. 8, 11261134 (2014).
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tiede, Y. et.The ant as an indicator of ecosystem processes and environmental change Ecol. Indic. 83, 527537 (2017).
Santilln, V. et.The tropical elevational gradient is responsible for the variation in temperature and precipitation that causes spatio-temporal variations in bird assemblages. PLoS ONE 13, e0196179 (2018).
Hsieh T. C. Ma, K. H. and Chao, A. INEXT: An R Package for Rarefaction and Extrapolation of Species Diversity (HNumbers that are not healthy. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 14511456 (2016).
Hsieh, T. C., Ma, K. H. & Chao, A. iNEXT – Interpolation and Extrapolation to Species Diversity. R package version 2.0.20, http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/software_download/ (2020).
Chao, A. et.Rarefaction and extrapolation using Hill numbers: A framework that allows for sampling and estimation in species biodiversity studies. Ecol. Monogr. 84, 4567 (2014).
Wallis, C. I. B. et.Multispectral remote sensing data is used to model tropical montane forest biomass, productivity, and canopy traits. Remote Sens. Environ. 225, 7792 (2019).
Keuskamp, J. A., Dingemans B. J. J.; Lehtinen T., Sarneel J. M. & Hefting M. M. Tea Bag Index – A novel way to collect uniform data on decomposition across ecosystems Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 10701075 (2013).
Quitin, M. et.Effects of forest fragmentation on the interaction networks between plant and bird in the tropical Andes are elevation-dependent. Ecography 41, 14971506 (2018).
Fries, A. et.The thermal structure and regionalization of the Andean mountain ecosystem, a megadiverse ecosystem in southern Ecuador. Erdkunde 63, 321335 (2009).
Fries, A., Rollenbeck, R., Nau, T., Peters, T. & Bendix, J. Near surface air humidity in an Andean mountain ecosystem that is megadiverse and its regionalization. Agric. For. Meteorol. 152, 1730 (2012).
Zvoleff, A. glcm – Calculate textures using grey-level co-occurrence matrixes (GLCMs).. R package version 1.6.1 (2016).
Wallis, C. I. B. et.Remote sensing improves the prediction of tropical montane species diversity, but performance varies among taxa. Ecol. Indic. 83, 538549 (2017).
Wolf, K., Veldkamp, E., Homeier, J. Martinson, George O. Nitrogen availability links forest product, soil nitrous oxide, and the nitric oxide fluxes for a tropical montane forests in southern Ecuador:2O + NO flux in tropical montane forests. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003876 (2011).
Fisher, W. D. Grouping for Maximum Homogeneity J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 53, 789798 (1958).
Bivand, R. classInt: Choose Univariate Class Intervals (2020).
Oksanen, J. et. Vegan Community Ecology Program (2020).
Package for Community Ecology. Vegan. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.
Wood, S. N. An introduction to generalized additive models: R(Chapman and Hall/CRC 2017).
Barbosa, A. M., Real, R., Munoz, A. R. & Brown, J. A. New measures for assessing model equilibrium, prediction mismatch, and species distribution models. Divers. Distrib. 19, 13331338 (2013).
Lotz, T., Nieschulze, J., Bendix, J., Dobbermann, M. & Knig-Ries, B. Are they different or the same? Intercomparison between two major German project databases to support interdisciplinary collaborative functional biology research. Ecol. Inform. 8, 1019 (2012).
Gttlicher, D. et.Land-cover classification using Landsat ETM+ Data in southern Ecuador as a base for SVAT modelling. Int. J. Remote Sens. 30, 18671886 (2009).
Deng, Y. Wilson & DEM Bauer. B. O. resolution dependencies across terrain attributes. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 21, 187213 (2007).
Weiss, M. & Baret, F. S2ToolBox Level 2 products: LAI, FAPAR, FCOVER Version 1.1. in S2 Toolbox Level 2 Product algorithms, v1.1 53.
Unger, M., Homeier, J. Relationships between leaf area index, below canopy light availability, and tree diversity along a transect in NE Ecuador from tropical lowland forests to montane forest. Trop. Ecol. 54, 3345 (2013).
V. Krashevska, V. Maraun, M. & Scheu S. Micro-and macroscale changes in density, diversity and size Testate amoebaeThe tropical montane rain forest of southern Ecuador. Acta Protozool. 49, 1728 (2010).